icsharpcode-ILSpy/ICSharpCode.Decompiler/CSharp/Resolver/CSharpConversions.cs

// Copyright (c) 2010-2013 AlphaSierraPapa for the SharpDevelop Team
// 
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this
// software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software
// without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
// publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons
// to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
// 
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or
// substantial portions of the Software.
// 
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
// INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
// PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE
// FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
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using System;
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections.Immutable;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;

using ICSharpCode.Decompiler.Semantics;
using ICSharpCode.Decompiler.TypeSystem;
using ICSharpCode.Decompiler.Util;

namespace ICSharpCode.Decompiler.CSharp.Resolver
{
	/// <summary>
	/// Contains logic that determines whether an implicit conversion exists between two types.
	/// </summary>
	/// <remarks>
	/// This class is thread-safe.
	/// </remarks>
	public sealed class CSharpConversions
	{
		readonly ConcurrentDictionary<TypePair, Conversion> implicitConversionCache = new ConcurrentDictionary<TypePair, Conversion>();
		readonly ICompilation compilation;

		public CSharpConversions(ICompilation compilation)
		{
			if (compilation == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(compilation));
			this.compilation = compilation;
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the Conversions instance for the specified <see cref="ICompilation"/>.
		/// This will make use of the context's cache manager to reuse the Conversions instance.
		/// </summary>
		public static CSharpConversions Get(ICompilation compilation)
		{
			if (compilation == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(compilation));
			CacheManager cache = compilation.CacheManager;
			CSharpConversions operators = (CSharpConversions)cache.GetShared(typeof(CSharpConversions));
			if (operators == null)
			{
				operators = (CSharpConversions)cache.GetOrAddShared(typeof(CSharpConversions), new CSharpConversions(compilation));
			}
			return operators;
		}

		#region TypePair (for caching)
		struct TypePair : IEquatable<TypePair>
		{
			public readonly IType FromType;
			public readonly IType ToType;

			public TypePair(IType fromType, IType toType)
			{
				Debug.Assert(fromType != null && toType != null);
				this.FromType = fromType;
				this.ToType = toType;
			}

			public override bool Equals(object obj)
			{
				return (obj is TypePair) && Equals((TypePair)obj);
			}

			public bool Equals(TypePair other)
			{
				return object.Equals(this.FromType, other.FromType) && object.Equals(this.ToType, other.ToType);
			}

			public override int GetHashCode()
			{
				unchecked
				{
					return 1000000007 * FromType.GetHashCode() + 1000000009 * ToType.GetHashCode();
				}
			}
		}
		#endregion

		#region ImplicitConversion
		private Conversion ImplicitConversion(ResolveResult resolveResult, IType toType, bool allowUserDefined, bool allowTuple)
		{
			Conversion c;
			if (resolveResult.IsCompileTimeConstant)
			{
				c = ImplicitEnumerationConversion(resolveResult, toType);
				if (c.IsValid)
					return c;
				if (ImplicitConstantExpressionConversion(resolveResult, toType))
					return Conversion.ImplicitConstantExpressionConversion;
				c = StandardImplicitConversion(resolveResult.Type, toType, allowTuple);
				if (c != Conversion.None)
					return c;
				if (allowUserDefined)
				{
					c = UserDefinedImplicitConversion(resolveResult, resolveResult.Type, toType);
					if (c != Conversion.None)
						return c;
				}
			}
			else
			{
				if (allowTuple && resolveResult is TupleResolveResult tupleRR)
				{
					c = TupleConversion(tupleRR, toType, isExplicit: false);
					if (c != Conversion.None)
						return c;
				}
				if (resolveResult is ThrowResolveResult)
				{
					return Conversion.ThrowExpressionConversion;
				}
				if (allowUserDefined && allowTuple)
				{
					// if allowUserDefined and allowTuple are true, we might as well use the cache
					c = ImplicitConversion(resolveResult.Type, toType);
				}
				else
				{
					c = ImplicitConversion(resolveResult.Type, toType, allowUserDefined, allowTuple);
				}
				if (c != Conversion.None)
					return c;
			}
			if (resolveResult is InterpolatedStringResolveResult isrr)
			{
				if (toType.IsKnownType(KnownTypeCode.IFormattable) || toType.IsKnownType(KnownTypeCode.FormattableString))
					return Conversion.ImplicitInterpolatedStringConversion;
			}
			if (resolveResult.Type.Kind == TypeKind.Dynamic)
				return Conversion.ImplicitDynamicConversion;
			c = AnonymousFunctionConversion(resolveResult, toType);
			if (c != Conversion.None)
				return c;
			c = MethodGroupConversion(resolveResult, toType);
			return c;
		}

		private Conversion ImplicitConversion(IType fromType, IType toType, bool allowUserDefined, bool allowTuple)
		{
			// C# 4.0 spec: §6.1
			var c = StandardImplicitConversion(fromType, toType, allowTuple);
			if (c == Conversion.None && allowUserDefined)
			{
				c = UserDefinedImplicitConversion(null, fromType, toType);
			}
			return c;
		}

		public Conversion ImplicitConversion(ResolveResult resolveResult, IType toType)
		{
			if (resolveResult == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(resolveResult));
			return ImplicitConversion(resolveResult, toType, allowUserDefined: true, allowTuple: true);
		}

		public Conversion ImplicitConversion(IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			if (fromType == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(fromType));
			if (toType == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(toType));

			TypePair pair = new TypePair(fromType, toType);
			if (implicitConversionCache.TryGetValue(pair, out Conversion c))
				return c;

			c = ImplicitConversion(fromType, toType, allowUserDefined: true, allowTuple: true);

			implicitConversionCache[pair] = c;
			return c;
		}

		public Conversion StandardImplicitConversion(IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			if (fromType == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(fromType));
			if (toType == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(toType));
			return StandardImplicitConversion(fromType, toType, allowTupleConversion: true);
		}

		Conversion StandardImplicitConversion(IType fromType, IType toType, bool allowTupleConversion)
		{
			// C# 4.0 spec: §6.3.1
			if (IdentityConversion(fromType, toType))
				return Conversion.IdentityConversion;
			if (ImplicitNumericConversion(fromType, toType))
				return Conversion.ImplicitNumericConversion;
			Conversion c = ImplicitNullableConversion(fromType, toType);
			if (c != Conversion.None)
				return c;
			if (NullLiteralConversion(fromType, toType))
				return Conversion.NullLiteralConversion;
			if (ImplicitReferenceConversion(fromType, toType, 0))
				return Conversion.ImplicitReferenceConversion;
			if (IsBoxingConversion(fromType, toType))
				return Conversion.BoxingConversion;
			if (ImplicitTypeParameterConversion(fromType, toType))
			{
				// Implicit type parameter conversions that aren't also
				// reference conversions are considered to be boxing conversions
				return Conversion.BoxingConversion;
			}
			if (ImplicitPointerConversion(fromType, toType))
				return Conversion.ImplicitPointerConversion;
			if (allowTupleConversion)
			{
				c = TupleConversion(fromType, toType, isExplicit: false);
				if (c != Conversion.None)
					return c;
			}
			return Conversion.None;
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets whether the type 'fromType' is convertible to 'toType'
		/// using one of the conversions allowed when satisying constraints (§4.4.4)
		/// </summary>
		public bool IsConstraintConvertible(IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			if (fromType == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(fromType));
			if (toType == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(toType));

			if (IdentityConversion(fromType, toType))
				return true;
			if (ImplicitReferenceConversion(fromType, toType, 0))
				return true;
			if (NullableType.IsNullable(fromType))
			{
				// An 'object' constraint still allows nullable value types
				// (object constraints don't exist in C#, but are inserted by DefaultResolvedTypeParameter.DirectBaseTypes)
				if (toType.IsKnownType(KnownTypeCode.Object))
					return true;
			}
			else
			{
				if (IsBoxingConversion(fromType, toType))
					return true;
			}
			if (ImplicitTypeParameterConversion(fromType, toType))
				return true;
			return false;
		}
		#endregion

		#region ExplicitConversion
		public Conversion ExplicitConversion(ResolveResult resolveResult, IType toType)
		{
			if (resolveResult == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(resolveResult));
			if (toType == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(toType));

			if (resolveResult.Type.Kind == TypeKind.Dynamic)
				return Conversion.ExplicitDynamicConversion;
			Conversion c = ImplicitConversion(resolveResult, toType, allowUserDefined: false, allowTuple: false);
			if (c != Conversion.None)
				return c;
			if (resolveResult is TupleResolveResult tupleRR)
			{
				c = TupleConversion(tupleRR, toType, isExplicit: true);
				if (c != Conversion.None)
					return c;
			}
			c = ExplicitConversionImpl(resolveResult.Type, toType);
			if (c != Conversion.None)
				return c;
			return UserDefinedExplicitConversion(resolveResult, resolveResult.Type, toType);
		}

		public Conversion ExplicitConversion(IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			if (fromType == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(fromType));
			if (toType == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(toType));

			Conversion c = ImplicitConversion(fromType, toType, allowUserDefined: false, allowTuple: false);
			if (c != Conversion.None)
				return c;
			c = ExplicitConversionImpl(fromType, toType);
			if (c != Conversion.None)
				return c;
			return UserDefinedExplicitConversion(null, fromType, toType);
		}

		Conversion ExplicitConversionImpl(IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			// This method is called after we already checked for implicit conversions,
			// so any remaining conversions must be explicit.
			if (AnyNumericConversion(fromType, toType))
				return Conversion.ExplicitNumericConversion;
			if (ExplicitEnumerationConversion(fromType, toType))
				return Conversion.EnumerationConversion(false, false);
			Conversion c = ExplicitNullableConversion(fromType, toType);
			if (c != Conversion.None)
				return c;
			if (ExplicitReferenceConversion(fromType, toType))
				return Conversion.ExplicitReferenceConversion;
			if (UnboxingConversion(fromType, toType))
				return Conversion.UnboxingConversion;
			c = ExplicitTypeParameterConversion(fromType, toType);
			if (c != Conversion.None)
				return c;
			if (ExplicitPointerConversion(fromType, toType))
				return Conversion.ExplicitPointerConversion;
			return TupleConversion(fromType, toType, isExplicit: true);
		}
		#endregion

		#region Identity Conversion
		/// <summary>
		/// Gets whether there is an identity conversion from <paramref name="fromType"/> to <paramref name="toType"/>
		/// </summary>
		public bool IdentityConversion(IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			// C# 4.0 spec: §6.1.1
			fromType = fromType.AcceptVisitor(NormalizeTypeVisitor.TypeErasure);
			toType = toType.AcceptVisitor(NormalizeTypeVisitor.TypeErasure);
			return fromType.Equals(toType);
		}
		#endregion

		#region Numeric Conversions
		static readonly bool[,] implicitNumericConversionLookup = {
			//       to:   short  ushort  int   uint   long   ulong
			// from:
			/* char   */ { false, true , true , true , true , true  },
			/* sbyte  */ { true , false, true , false, true , false },
			/* byte   */ { true , true , true , true , true , true  },
			/* short  */ { true , false, true , false, true , false },
			/* ushort */ { false, true , true , true , true , true  },
			/* int    */ { false, false, true , false, true , false },
			/* uint   */ { false, false, false, true , true , true  },
			/* long   */ { false, false, false, false, true , false },
			/* ulong  */ { false, false, false, false, false, true  },
		};

		bool ImplicitNumericConversion(IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			// C# 4.0 spec: §6.1.2

			TypeCode from = ReflectionHelper.GetTypeCode(fromType);
			if (from == TypeCode.Empty)
			{
				// When converting from a native-sized integer, treat it as 64-bits
				switch (fromType.Kind)
				{
					case TypeKind.NInt:
						from = TypeCode.Int64;
						break;
					case TypeKind.NUInt:
						from = TypeCode.UInt64;
						break;
				}
			}
			TypeCode to = ReflectionHelper.GetTypeCode(toType);
			if (to == TypeCode.Empty)
			{
				// When converting to a native-sized integer, only 32-bits can be stored safely
				switch (toType.Kind)
				{
					case TypeKind.NInt:
						to = TypeCode.Int32;
						break;
					case TypeKind.NUInt:
						to = TypeCode.UInt32;
						break;
				}
			}
			if (to >= TypeCode.Single && to <= TypeCode.Decimal)
			{
				// Conversions to float/double/decimal exist from all integral types,
				// and there's a conversion from float to double.
				return from >= TypeCode.Char && from <= TypeCode.UInt64
					|| from == TypeCode.Single && to == TypeCode.Double;
			}
			else
			{
				// Conversions to integral types: look at the table
				return from >= TypeCode.Char && from <= TypeCode.UInt64
					&& to >= TypeCode.Int16 && to <= TypeCode.UInt64
					&& implicitNumericConversionLookup[from - TypeCode.Char, to - TypeCode.Int16];
			}
		}

		bool IsNumericType(IType type)
		{
			switch (type.Kind)
			{
				case TypeKind.NInt:
				case TypeKind.NUInt:
					return true;
			}
			TypeCode c = ReflectionHelper.GetTypeCode(type);
			return c >= TypeCode.Char && c <= TypeCode.Decimal;
		}

		bool AnyNumericConversion(IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			// C# 4.0 spec: §6.1.2 + §6.2.1
			return IsNumericType(fromType) && IsNumericType(toType);
		}
		#endregion

		#region Enumeration Conversions
		Conversion ImplicitEnumerationConversion(ResolveResult rr, IType toType)
		{
			// C# 4.0 spec: §6.1.3
			Debug.Assert(rr.IsCompileTimeConstant);
			TypeCode constantType = ReflectionHelper.GetTypeCode(rr.Type);
			if (constantType >= TypeCode.SByte && constantType <= TypeCode.Decimal && Convert.ToDouble(rr.ConstantValue) == 0)
			{
				if (NullableType.GetUnderlyingType(toType).Kind == TypeKind.Enum)
				{
					return Conversion.EnumerationConversion(true, NullableType.IsNullable(toType));
				}
			}
			return Conversion.None;
		}

		bool ExplicitEnumerationConversion(IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			// C# 4.0 spec: §6.2.2
			if (fromType.Kind == TypeKind.Enum)
			{
				return toType.Kind == TypeKind.Enum || IsNumericType(toType);
			}
			else if (IsNumericType(fromType))
			{
				return toType.Kind == TypeKind.Enum;
			}
			return false;
		}
		#endregion

		#region Nullable Conversions
		Conversion ImplicitNullableConversion(IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			// C# 4.0 spec: §6.1.4
			if (NullableType.IsNullable(toType))
			{
				IType t = NullableType.GetUnderlyingType(toType);
				IType s = NullableType.GetUnderlyingType(fromType); // might or might not be nullable
				if (IdentityConversion(s, t))
					return Conversion.ImplicitNullableConversion;
				if (ImplicitNumericConversion(s, t))
					return Conversion.ImplicitLiftedNumericConversion;
			}
			return Conversion.None;
		}

		Conversion ExplicitNullableConversion(IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			// C# 4.0 spec: §6.1.4
			if (NullableType.IsNullable(toType) || NullableType.IsNullable(fromType))
			{
				IType t = NullableType.GetUnderlyingType(toType);
				IType s = NullableType.GetUnderlyingType(fromType);
				if (IdentityConversion(s, t))
					return Conversion.ExplicitNullableConversion;
				if (AnyNumericConversion(s, t))
					return Conversion.ExplicitLiftedNumericConversion;
				if (ExplicitEnumerationConversion(s, t))
					return Conversion.EnumerationConversion(false, true);
			}
			return Conversion.None;
		}
		#endregion

		#region Null Literal Conversion
		bool NullLiteralConversion(IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			// C# 4.0 spec: §6.1.5
			if (fromType.Kind == TypeKind.Null)
			{
				return NullableType.IsNullable(toType) || toType.IsReferenceType == true;
			}
			else
			{
				return false;
			}
		}
		#endregion

		#region Implicit Reference Conversion
		public bool IsImplicitReferenceConversion(IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			return ImplicitReferenceConversion(fromType, toType, 0);
		}

		bool ImplicitReferenceConversion(IType fromType, IType toType, int subtypeCheckNestingDepth)
		{
			// C# 4.0 spec: §6.1.6

			// reference conversions are possible:
			// - if both types are known to be reference types
			// - if both types are type parameters and fromType has a class constraint
			//     (ImplicitTypeParameterConversionWithClassConstraintOnlyOnT)
			if (!(fromType.IsReferenceType == true && toType.IsReferenceType != false))
				return false;

			ArrayType fromArray = fromType as ArrayType;
			if (fromArray != null)
			{
				ArrayType toArray = toType as ArrayType;
				if (toArray != null)
				{
					// array covariance (the broken kind)
					return fromArray.Dimensions == toArray.Dimensions
						&& ImplicitReferenceConversion(fromArray.ElementType, toArray.ElementType, subtypeCheckNestingDepth);
				}
				// conversion from single-dimensional array S[] to IList<T>:
				IType toTypeArgument = UnpackGenericArrayInterface(toType);
				if (fromArray.Dimensions == 1 && toTypeArgument != null)
				{
					// array covariance plays a part here as well (string[] is IList<object>)
					return IdentityConversion(fromArray.ElementType, toTypeArgument)
						|| ImplicitReferenceConversion(fromArray.ElementType, toTypeArgument, subtypeCheckNestingDepth);
				}
				// conversion from any array to System.Array and the interfaces it implements:
				IType systemArray = compilation.FindType(KnownTypeCode.Array);
				return ImplicitReferenceConversion(systemArray, toType, subtypeCheckNestingDepth);
			}

			// now comes the hard part: traverse the inheritance chain and figure out generics+variance
			return IsSubtypeOf(fromType, toType, subtypeCheckNestingDepth);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// For IList{T}, ICollection{T}, IEnumerable{T} and IReadOnlyList{T}, returns T.
		/// Otherwise, returns null.
		/// </summary>
		IType UnpackGenericArrayInterface(IType interfaceType)
		{
			ParameterizedType pt = interfaceType as ParameterizedType;
			if (pt != null)
			{
				switch (pt.GetDefinition()?.KnownTypeCode)
				{
					case KnownTypeCode.IListOfT:
					case KnownTypeCode.ICollectionOfT:
					case KnownTypeCode.IEnumerableOfT:
					case KnownTypeCode.IReadOnlyListOfT:
						return pt.GetTypeArgument(0);
				}
			}
			return null;
		}

		// Determines whether s is a subtype of t.
		// Helper method used for ImplicitReferenceConversion, BoxingConversion and ImplicitTypeParameterConversion

		bool IsSubtypeOf(IType s, IType t, int subtypeCheckNestingDepth)
		{
			// conversion to dynamic + object are always possible
			if (t.Kind == TypeKind.Dynamic || t.IsKnownType(KnownTypeCode.Object))
				return true;
			if (subtypeCheckNestingDepth > 10)
			{
				// Subtyping in C# is undecidable
				// (see "On Decidability of Nominal Subtyping with Variance" by Andrew J. Kennedy and Benjamin C. Pierce),
				// so we'll prevent infinite recursions by putting a limit on the nesting depth of variance conversions.

				// No real C# code should use generics nested more than 10 levels deep, and even if they do, most of
				// those nestings should not involve variance.
				return false;
			}
			// let GetAllBaseTypes do the work for us
			foreach (IType baseType in s.GetAllBaseTypes())
			{
				if (IdentityOrVarianceConversion(baseType, t, subtypeCheckNestingDepth + 1))
					return true;
			}
			return false;
		}

		bool IdentityOrVarianceConversion(IType s, IType t, int subtypeCheckNestingDepth)
		{
			ITypeDefinition def = s.GetDefinition();
			if (def != null)
			{
				if (!def.Equals(t.GetDefinition()))
					return false;
				ParameterizedType ps = s as ParameterizedType;
				ParameterizedType pt = t as ParameterizedType;
				if (ps != null && pt != null)
				{
					// C# 4.0 spec: §13.1.3.2 Variance Conversion
					for (int i = 0; i < def.TypeParameters.Count; i++)
					{
						IType si = ps.GetTypeArgument(i);
						IType ti = pt.GetTypeArgument(i);
						if (IdentityConversion(si, ti))
							continue;
						ITypeParameter xi = def.TypeParameters[i];
						switch (xi.Variance)
						{
							case VarianceModifier.Covariant:
								if (!ImplicitReferenceConversion(si, ti, subtypeCheckNestingDepth))
									return false;
								break;
							case VarianceModifier.Contravariant:
								if (!ImplicitReferenceConversion(ti, si, subtypeCheckNestingDepth))
									return false;
								break;
							default:
								return false;
						}
					}
				}
				else if (ps != null || pt != null)
				{
					return false; // only of of them is parameterized, or counts don't match? -> not valid conversion
				}
				return true;
			}
			else
			{
				// not type definitions? we still need to check for equal types (e.g. s and t might be type parameters)
				return s.Equals(t);
			}
		}
		#endregion

		#region Explicit Reference Conversion
		bool ExplicitReferenceConversion(IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			// C# 4.0 spec: §6.2.4

			// test that the types are reference types:
			if (toType.IsReferenceType != true)
				return false;
			if (fromType.IsReferenceType != true)
			{
				// special case:
				// converting from F to T is a reference conversion where T : class, F
				// (because F actually must be a reference type as well, even though C# doesn't treat it as one)
				if (fromType.Kind == TypeKind.TypeParameter)
					return IsSubtypeOf(toType, fromType, 0);
				return false;
			}

			if (toType.Kind == TypeKind.Array)
			{
				ArrayType toArray = (ArrayType)toType;
				if (fromType.Kind == TypeKind.Array)
				{
					// Array covariance
					ArrayType fromArray = (ArrayType)fromType;
					if (fromArray.Dimensions != toArray.Dimensions)
						return false;
					return ExplicitReferenceConversion(fromArray.ElementType, toArray.ElementType);
				}
				IType fromTypeArgument = UnpackGenericArrayInterface(fromType);
				if (fromTypeArgument != null && toArray.Dimensions == 1)
				{
					return ExplicitReferenceConversion(fromTypeArgument, toArray.ElementType)
						|| IdentityConversion(fromTypeArgument, toArray.ElementType);
				}
				// Otherwise treat the array like a sealed class - require implicit conversion in the opposite direction
				return IsImplicitReferenceConversion(toType, fromType);
			}
			else if (fromType.Kind == TypeKind.Array)
			{
				ArrayType fromArray = (ArrayType)fromType;
				IType toTypeArgument = UnpackGenericArrayInterface(toType);
				if (toTypeArgument != null && fromArray.Dimensions == 1)
				{
					return ExplicitReferenceConversion(fromArray.ElementType, toTypeArgument);
				}
				// Otherwise treat the array like a sealed class
				return IsImplicitReferenceConversion(fromType, toType);
			}
			else if (fromType.Kind == TypeKind.Delegate && toType.Kind == TypeKind.Delegate)
			{
				ITypeDefinition def = fromType.GetDefinition();
				if (def == null || !def.Equals(toType.GetDefinition()))
					return false;
				ParameterizedType ps = fromType as ParameterizedType;
				ParameterizedType pt = toType as ParameterizedType;
				if (ps == null || pt == null)
				{
					// non-generic delegate - return true for the identity conversion
					return ps == null && pt == null;
				}
				for (int i = 0; i < def.TypeParameters.Count; i++)
				{
					IType si = ps.GetTypeArgument(i);
					IType ti = pt.GetTypeArgument(i);
					if (IdentityConversion(si, ti))
						continue;
					ITypeParameter xi = def.TypeParameters[i];
					switch (xi.Variance)
					{
						case VarianceModifier.Covariant:
							if (!ExplicitReferenceConversion(si, ti))
								return false;
							break;
						case VarianceModifier.Contravariant:
							if (!(si.IsReferenceType == true && ti.IsReferenceType == true))
								return false;
							break;
						default:
							return false;
					}
				}
				return true;
			}
			else if (IsSealedReferenceType(fromType))
			{
				// If the source type is sealed, explicit conversions can't do anything more than implicit ones
				return IsImplicitReferenceConversion(fromType, toType);
			}
			else if (IsSealedReferenceType(toType))
			{
				// The the target type is sealed, there must be an implicit conversion in the opposite direction
				return IsImplicitReferenceConversion(toType, fromType);
			}
			else
			{
				if (fromType.Kind == TypeKind.Interface || toType.Kind == TypeKind.Interface)
					return true;
				else
					return IsImplicitReferenceConversion(toType, fromType)
						|| IsImplicitReferenceConversion(fromType, toType);
			}
		}

		bool IsSealedReferenceType(IType type)
		{
			TypeKind kind = type.Kind;
			return kind == TypeKind.Class && type.GetDefinition().IsSealed
				|| kind == TypeKind.Delegate;
		}
		#endregion

		#region Boxing Conversions
		bool IsBoxingConversion(IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			// C# 4.0 spec: §6.1.7
			fromType = NullableType.GetUnderlyingType(fromType);
			if (fromType.IsReferenceType == false && toType.IsReferenceType == true)
				return IsSubtypeOf(fromType, toType, 0);
			else
				return false;
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets whether the conversion from fromType to toType is a boxing conversion,
		/// or an implicit conversion involving a type parameter that might be
		/// a boxing conversion when instantiated with a value type.
		/// </summary>
		public bool IsBoxingConversionOrInvolvingTypeParameter(IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			return IsBoxingConversion(fromType, toType)
				|| ImplicitTypeParameterConversion(fromType, toType);
		}

		bool UnboxingConversion(IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			// C# 4.0 spec: §6.2.5
			toType = NullableType.GetUnderlyingType(toType);
			if (fromType.IsReferenceType == true && toType.IsReferenceType == false)
				return IsSubtypeOf(toType, fromType, 0);
			else
				return false;
		}
		#endregion

		#region Implicit Constant-Expression Conversion
		bool ImplicitConstantExpressionConversion(ResolveResult rr, IType toType)
		{
			if (rr == null || !rr.IsCompileTimeConstant)
				return false;
			// C# 4.0 spec: §6.1.9
			TypeCode fromTypeCode = ReflectionHelper.GetTypeCode(rr.Type);
			toType = NullableType.GetUnderlyingType(toType);
			TypeCode toTypeCode = ReflectionHelper.GetTypeCode(toType);
			if (toType.Kind == TypeKind.NUInt)
			{
				toTypeCode = TypeCode.UInt32;
			}
			if (fromTypeCode == TypeCode.Int64)
			{
				long val = (long)rr.ConstantValue;
				return val >= 0 && toTypeCode == TypeCode.UInt64;
			}
			else if (fromTypeCode == TypeCode.Int32)
			{
				object cv = rr.ConstantValue;
				if (cv == null)
					return false;
				int val = (int)cv;
				switch (toTypeCode)
				{
					case TypeCode.SByte:
						return val >= SByte.MinValue && val <= SByte.MaxValue;
					case TypeCode.Byte:
						return val >= Byte.MinValue && val <= Byte.MaxValue;
					case TypeCode.Int16:
						return val >= Int16.MinValue && val <= Int16.MaxValue;
					case TypeCode.UInt16:
						return val >= UInt16.MinValue && val <= UInt16.MaxValue;
					case TypeCode.UInt32:
					case TypeCode.UInt64:
						return val >= 0;
				}
			}
			return false;
		}
		#endregion

		#region Conversions involving type parameters
		/// <summary>
		/// Implicit conversions involving type parameters.
		/// </summary>
		bool ImplicitTypeParameterConversion(IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			if (fromType.Kind != TypeKind.TypeParameter)
				return false; // not a type parameter
			if (fromType.IsReferenceType == true)
				return false; // already handled by ImplicitReferenceConversion
			return IsSubtypeOf(fromType, toType, 0);
		}

		Conversion ExplicitTypeParameterConversion(IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			if (toType.Kind == TypeKind.TypeParameter)
			{
				// Explicit type parameter conversions that aren't also
				// reference conversions are considered to be unboxing conversions
				if (fromType.Kind == TypeKind.Interface || IsSubtypeOf(toType, fromType, 0))
					return Conversion.UnboxingConversion;
			}
			else
			{
				if (fromType.Kind == TypeKind.TypeParameter && toType.Kind == TypeKind.Interface)
					return Conversion.BoxingConversion;
			}
			return Conversion.None;
		}
		#endregion

		#region Pointer Conversions
		bool ImplicitPointerConversion(IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			// C# 4.0 spec: §18.4 Pointer conversions
			if (fromType.Kind.IsAnyPointer() && toType is PointerType && toType.ReflectionName == "System.Void*")
				return true;
			if (fromType.Kind == TypeKind.Null && toType.Kind.IsAnyPointer())
				return true;
			if (fromType is FunctionPointerType fromFnPtr && toType is FunctionPointerType toFnPtr
				&& fromFnPtr.CallingConvention == toFnPtr.CallingConvention
				&& fromFnPtr.ParameterTypes.Length == toFnPtr.ParameterTypes.Length)
			{
				// Variance applies to function pointer types
				const int nestingDepth = 0;
				if (!(IdentityConversion(fromFnPtr.ReturnType, toFnPtr.ReturnType)
					|| ImplicitReferenceConversion(fromFnPtr.ReturnType, toFnPtr.ReturnType, nestingDepth)))
				{
					return false;
				}
				foreach (var (fromPT, toPT) in fromFnPtr.ParameterTypes.Zip(toFnPtr.ParameterTypes))
				{
					if (!(IdentityConversion(toPT, fromPT)
						|| ImplicitReferenceConversion(toPT, fromPT, nestingDepth)))
					{
						return false;
					}
				}
				return true;
			}
			return false;
		}

		bool ExplicitPointerConversion(IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			// C# 4.0 spec: §18.4 Pointer conversions
			if (fromType.Kind.IsAnyPointer())
			{
				return toType.Kind.IsAnyPointer() || IsIntegerType(toType);
			}
			else
			{
				return toType.Kind.IsAnyPointer() && IsIntegerType(fromType);
			}
		}

		bool IsIntegerType(IType type)
		{
			switch (type.Kind)
			{
				case TypeKind.NInt:
				case TypeKind.NUInt:
					return true;
			}
			TypeCode c = ReflectionHelper.GetTypeCode(type);
			return c >= TypeCode.SByte && c <= TypeCode.UInt64;
		}
		#endregion

		#region User-Defined Conversions
		/// <summary>
		/// Gets whether type A is encompassed by type B.
		/// </summary>
		bool IsEncompassedBy(IType a, IType b)
		{
			return a.Kind != TypeKind.Interface && b.Kind != TypeKind.Interface && StandardImplicitConversion(a, b).IsValid;
		}

		bool IsEncompassingOrEncompassedBy(IType a, IType b)
		{
			return a.Kind != TypeKind.Interface && b.Kind != TypeKind.Interface
				&& (StandardImplicitConversion(a, b).IsValid || StandardImplicitConversion(b, a).IsValid);
		}

		IType FindMostEncompassedType(IEnumerable<IType> candidates)
		{
			IType best = null;
			foreach (var current in candidates)
			{
				if (best == null || IsEncompassedBy(current, best))
					best = current;
				else if (!IsEncompassedBy(best, current))
					return null;    // Ambiguous
			}
			return best;
		}

		IType FindMostEncompassingType(IEnumerable<IType> candidates)
		{
			IType best = null;
			foreach (var current in candidates)
			{
				if (best == null || IsEncompassedBy(best, current))
					best = current;
				else if (!IsEncompassedBy(current, best))
					return null;    // Ambiguous
			}
			return best;
		}

		Conversion SelectOperator(IType mostSpecificSource, IType mostSpecificTarget, IList<OperatorInfo> operators, bool isImplicit, IType source, IType target)
		{
			var selected = operators.Where(op => op.SourceType.Equals(mostSpecificSource) && op.TargetType.Equals(mostSpecificTarget)).ToList();
			if (selected.Count == 0)
				return Conversion.None;

			if (selected.Count == 1)
				return Conversion.UserDefinedConversion(selected[0].Method, isLifted: selected[0].IsLifted, isImplicit: isImplicit, conversionBeforeUserDefinedOperator: ExplicitConversion(source, mostSpecificSource), conversionAfterUserDefinedOperator: ExplicitConversion(mostSpecificTarget, target));

			int nNonLifted = selected.Count(s => !s.IsLifted);
			if (nNonLifted == 1)
			{
				var op = selected.First(s => !s.IsLifted);
				return Conversion.UserDefinedConversion(op.Method, isLifted: op.IsLifted, isImplicit: isImplicit, conversionBeforeUserDefinedOperator: ExplicitConversion(source, mostSpecificSource), conversionAfterUserDefinedOperator: ExplicitConversion(mostSpecificTarget, target));
			}

			return Conversion.UserDefinedConversion(selected[0].Method, isLifted: selected[0].IsLifted, isImplicit: isImplicit, isAmbiguous: true, conversionBeforeUserDefinedOperator: ExplicitConversion(source, mostSpecificSource), conversionAfterUserDefinedOperator: ExplicitConversion(mostSpecificTarget, target));
		}

		Conversion UserDefinedImplicitConversion(ResolveResult fromResult, IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			// C# 4.0 spec §6.4.4 User-defined implicit conversions
			var operators = GetApplicableConversionOperators(fromResult, fromType, toType, false);

			if (operators.Count > 0)
			{
				var mostSpecificSource = operators.Any(op => op.SourceType.Equals(fromType)) ? fromType : FindMostEncompassedType(operators.Select(op => op.SourceType));
				if (mostSpecificSource == null)
					return Conversion.UserDefinedConversion(operators[0].Method, isImplicit: true, isLifted: operators[0].IsLifted, isAmbiguous: true, conversionBeforeUserDefinedOperator: Conversion.None, conversionAfterUserDefinedOperator: Conversion.None);
				var mostSpecificTarget = operators.Any(op => op.TargetType.Equals(toType)) ? toType : FindMostEncompassingType(operators.Select(op => op.TargetType));
				if (mostSpecificTarget == null)
				{
					if (NullableType.IsNullable(toType))
						return UserDefinedImplicitConversion(fromResult, fromType, NullableType.GetUnderlyingType(toType));
					else
						return Conversion.UserDefinedConversion(operators[0].Method, isImplicit: true, isLifted: operators[0].IsLifted, isAmbiguous: true, conversionBeforeUserDefinedOperator: Conversion.None, conversionAfterUserDefinedOperator: Conversion.None);
				}

				var selected = SelectOperator(mostSpecificSource, mostSpecificTarget, operators, true, fromType, toType);
				if (selected != Conversion.None)
				{
					if (selected.IsLifted && NullableType.IsNullable(toType))
					{
						// Prefer A -> B -> B? over A -> A? -> B?
						var other = UserDefinedImplicitConversion(fromResult, fromType, NullableType.GetUnderlyingType(toType));
						if (other != Conversion.None)
							return other;
					}
					return selected;
				}
				else if (NullableType.IsNullable(toType))
					return UserDefinedImplicitConversion(fromResult, fromType, NullableType.GetUnderlyingType(toType));
				else
					return Conversion.None;
			}
			else
			{
				return Conversion.None;
			}
		}

		Conversion UserDefinedExplicitConversion(ResolveResult fromResult, IType fromType, IType toType)
		{
			// C# 4.0 spec §6.4.5 User-defined explicit conversions
			var operators = GetApplicableConversionOperators(fromResult, fromType, toType, true);
			if (operators.Count > 0)
			{
				IType mostSpecificSource;
				if (operators.Any(op => op.SourceType.Equals(fromType)))
				{
					mostSpecificSource = fromType;
				}
				else
				{
					var operatorsWithSourceEncompassingFromType = operators.Where(op => IsEncompassedBy(fromType, op.SourceType) || ImplicitConstantExpressionConversion(fromResult, NullableType.GetUnderlyingType(op.SourceType))).ToList();
					if (operatorsWithSourceEncompassingFromType.Any())
						mostSpecificSource = FindMostEncompassedType(operatorsWithSourceEncompassingFromType.Select(op => op.SourceType));
					else
						mostSpecificSource = FindMostEncompassingType(operators.Select(op => op.SourceType));
				}
				if (mostSpecificSource == null)
					return Conversion.UserDefinedConversion(operators[0].Method, isImplicit: false, isLifted: operators[0].IsLifted, isAmbiguous: true, conversionBeforeUserDefinedOperator: Conversion.None, conversionAfterUserDefinedOperator: Conversion.None);

				IType mostSpecificTarget;
				if (operators.Any(op => op.TargetType.Equals(toType)))
					mostSpecificTarget = toType;
				else if (operators.Any(op => IsEncompassedBy(op.TargetType, toType)))
					mostSpecificTarget = FindMostEncompassingType(operators.Where(op => IsEncompassedBy(op.TargetType, toType)).Select(op => op.TargetType));
				else
					mostSpecificTarget = FindMostEncompassedType(operators.Select(op => op.TargetType));
				if (mostSpecificTarget == null)
				{
					if (NullableType.IsNullable(toType))
						return UserDefinedExplicitConversion(fromResult, fromType, NullableType.GetUnderlyingType(toType));
					else
						return Conversion.UserDefinedConversion(operators[0].Method, isImplicit: false, isLifted: operators[0].IsLifted, isAmbiguous: true, conversionBeforeUserDefinedOperator: Conversion.None, conversionAfterUserDefinedOperator: Conversion.None);
				}

				var selected = SelectOperator(mostSpecificSource, mostSpecificTarget, operators, false, fromType, toType);
				if (selected != Conversion.None)
				{
					if (selected.IsLifted && NullableType.IsNullable(toType))
					{
						// Prefer A -> B -> B? over A -> A? -> B?
						var other = UserDefinedImplicitConversion(fromResult, fromType, NullableType.GetUnderlyingType(toType));
						if (other != Conversion.None)
							return other;
					}
					return selected;
				}
				else if (NullableType.IsNullable(toType))
					return UserDefinedExplicitConversion(fromResult, fromType, NullableType.GetUnderlyingType(toType));
				else if (NullableType.IsNullable(fromType))
					return UserDefinedExplicitConversion(null, NullableType.GetUnderlyingType(fromType), toType);   // A? -> A -> B
				else
					return Conversion.None;
			}
			else
			{
				return Conversion.None;
			}
		}

		class OperatorInfo
		{
			public readonly IMethod Method;
			public readonly IType SourceType;
			public readonly IType TargetType;
			public readonly bool IsLifted;

			public OperatorInfo(IMethod method, IType sourceType, IType targetType, bool isLifted)
			{
				this.Method = method;
				this.SourceType = sourceType;
				this.TargetType = targetType;
				this.IsLifted = isLifted;
			}
		}

		static IType UnderlyingTypeForConversion(IType type)
		{
			if (type.Kind == TypeKind.ByReference)
			{
				type = ((ByReferenceType)type).ElementType;
			}
			return NullableType.GetUnderlyingType(type);
		}

		List<OperatorInfo> GetApplicableConversionOperators(ResolveResult fromResult, IType fromType, IType toType, bool isExplicit)
		{
			// Find the candidate operators:
			Predicate<IMethod> opFilter;
			if (isExplicit)
				opFilter = m => m.IsStatic && m.IsOperator && (m.Name == "op_Explicit" || m.Name == "op_Implicit") && m.Parameters.Count == 1;
			else
				opFilter = m => m.IsStatic && m.IsOperator && m.Name == "op_Implicit" && m.Parameters.Count == 1;

			var operators = UnderlyingTypeForConversion(fromType).GetMethods(opFilter)
				.Concat(UnderlyingTypeForConversion(toType).GetMethods(opFilter)).Distinct();
			// Determine whether one of them is applicable:
			List<OperatorInfo> result = new List<OperatorInfo>();
			foreach (IMethod op in operators)
			{
				IType sourceType = op.Parameters[0].Type;
				if (sourceType.Kind == TypeKind.ByReference && op.Parameters[0].IsIn && fromType.Kind != TypeKind.ByReference)
				{
					sourceType = ((ByReferenceType)sourceType).ElementType;
				}
				IType targetType = op.ReturnType;
				// Try if the operator is applicable:
				bool isApplicable;
				if (isExplicit)
				{
					isApplicable = (IsEncompassingOrEncompassedBy(fromType, sourceType) || ImplicitConstantExpressionConversion(fromResult, sourceType))
						&& IsEncompassingOrEncompassedBy(targetType, toType);
				}
				else
				{
					isApplicable = (IsEncompassedBy(fromType, sourceType) || ImplicitConstantExpressionConversion(fromResult, sourceType))
						&& IsEncompassedBy(targetType, toType);
				}
				// Try if the operator is applicable in lifted form:
				if (isApplicable)
				{
					result.Add(new OperatorInfo(op, sourceType, targetType, false));
				}
				if (NullableType.IsNonNullableValueType(sourceType))
				{
					// An operator can be applicable in both lifted and non-lifted form in case of explicit conversions
					IType liftedSourceType = NullableType.Create(compilation, sourceType);
					IType liftedTargetType = NullableType.IsNonNullableValueType(targetType) ? NullableType.Create(compilation, targetType) : targetType;
					if (isExplicit)
					{
						isApplicable = IsEncompassingOrEncompassedBy(fromType, liftedSourceType)
							&& IsEncompassingOrEncompassedBy(liftedTargetType, toType);
					}
					else
					{
						isApplicable = IsEncompassedBy(fromType, liftedSourceType) && IsEncompassedBy(liftedTargetType, toType);
					}

					if (isApplicable)
					{
						result.Add(new OperatorInfo(op, liftedSourceType, liftedTargetType, true));
					}
				}
			}
			return result;
		}
		#endregion

		#region AnonymousFunctionConversion
		Conversion AnonymousFunctionConversion(ResolveResult resolveResult, IType toType)
		{
			// C# 5.0 spec §6.5 Anonymous function conversions
			LambdaResolveResult f = resolveResult as LambdaResolveResult;
			if (f == null)
				return Conversion.None;
			if (!f.IsAnonymousMethod)
			{
				// It's a lambda, so conversions to expression trees exist
				// (even if the conversion leads to a compile-time error, e.g. for statement lambdas)
				toType = UnpackExpressionTreeType(toType);
			}
			IMethod d = toType.GetDelegateInvokeMethod();
			if (d == null)
				return Conversion.None;

			IType[] dParamTypes = new IType[d.Parameters.Count];
			for (int i = 0; i < dParamTypes.Length; i++)
			{
				dParamTypes[i] = d.Parameters[i].Type;
			}
			IType dReturnType = d.ReturnType;

			if (f.HasParameterList)
			{
				// If F contains an anonymous-function-signature, then D and F have the same number of parameters.
				if (d.Parameters.Count != f.Parameters.Count)
					return Conversion.None;

				if (f.IsImplicitlyTyped)
				{
					// If F has an implicitly typed parameter list, D has no ref or out parameters.
					foreach (IParameter p in d.Parameters)
					{
						if (p.ReferenceKind != ReferenceKind.None)
							return Conversion.None;
					}
				}
				else
				{
					// If F has an explicitly typed parameter list, each parameter in D has the same type
					// and modifiers as the corresponding parameter in F.
					for (int i = 0; i < f.Parameters.Count; i++)
					{
						IParameter pD = d.Parameters[i];
						IParameter pF = f.Parameters[i];
						if (pD.ReferenceKind != pF.ReferenceKind)
							return Conversion.None;
						if (!IdentityConversion(dParamTypes[i], pF.Type))
							return Conversion.None;
					}
				}
			}
			else
			{
				// If F does not contain an anonymous-function-signature, then D may have zero or more parameters of any
				// type, as long as no parameter of D has the out parameter modifier.
				foreach (IParameter p in d.Parameters)
				{
					if (p.IsOut)
						return Conversion.None;
				}
			}

			return f.IsValid(dParamTypes, dReturnType, this);
		}

		static IType UnpackExpressionTreeType(IType type)
		{
			ParameterizedType pt = type as ParameterizedType;
			if (pt != null && pt.TypeParameterCount == 1 && pt.Name == "Expression" && pt.Namespace == "System.Linq.Expressions")
			{
				return pt.GetTypeArgument(0);
			}
			else
			{
				return type;
			}
		}
		#endregion

		#region MethodGroupConversion
		Conversion MethodGroupConversion(ResolveResult resolveResult, IType toType)
		{
			// C# 4.0 spec §6.6 Method group conversions
			MethodGroupResolveResult rr = resolveResult as MethodGroupResolveResult;
			if (rr == null)
				return Conversion.None;
			IMethod invoke = toType.GetDelegateInvokeMethod();
			if (invoke == null)
				return Conversion.None;

			ResolveResult[] args = new ResolveResult[invoke.Parameters.Count];
			for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
			{
				IParameter param = invoke.Parameters[i];
				IType parameterType = param.Type;
				if (param.ReferenceKind != ReferenceKind.None && parameterType.Kind == TypeKind.ByReference)
				{
					parameterType = ((ByReferenceType)parameterType).ElementType;
					args[i] = new ByReferenceResolveResult(parameterType, param.ReferenceKind);
				}
				else
				{
					args[i] = new ResolveResult(parameterType);
				}
			}
			var or = rr.PerformOverloadResolution(
				compilation, args,
				allowExpandingParams: false,
				allowOptionalParameters: false,
				allowImplicitIn: false,
				conversions: this
			);
			if (or.FoundApplicableCandidate)
			{
				IMethod method = (IMethod)or.GetBestCandidateWithSubstitutedTypeArguments();
				var thisRR = rr.TargetResult as ThisResolveResult;
				bool isVirtual = method.IsOverridable && !(thisRR != null && thisRR.CausesNonVirtualInvocation);
				bool isValid = !or.IsAmbiguous && IsDelegateCompatible(method, invoke, or.IsExtensionMethodInvocation);
				bool delegateCapturesFirstArgument = or.IsExtensionMethodInvocation || !method.IsStatic;
				if (isValid)
					return Conversion.MethodGroupConversion(method, isVirtual, delegateCapturesFirstArgument);
				else
					return Conversion.InvalidMethodGroupConversion(method, isVirtual, delegateCapturesFirstArgument);
			}
			else
			{
				return Conversion.None;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets whether a <paramref name="method"/> is compatible with a delegate type.
		/// §15.2 Delegate compatibility
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="method">The method to test for compatibility</param>
		/// <param name="delegateType">The delegate type</param>
		public bool IsDelegateCompatible(IMethod method, IType delegateType)
		{
			if (method == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(method));
			if (delegateType == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(delegateType));
			IMethod invoke = delegateType.GetDelegateInvokeMethod();
			if (invoke == null)
				return false;
			return IsDelegateCompatible(method, invoke, false);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets whether a method <paramref name="m"/> is compatible with a delegate type.
		/// §15.2 Delegate compatibility
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="m">The method to test for compatibility</param>
		/// <param name="invoke">The invoke method of the delegate</param>
		/// <param name="isExtensionMethodInvocation">Gets whether m is accessed using extension method syntax.
		/// If this parameter is true, the first parameter of <paramref name="m"/> will be ignored.</param>
		bool IsDelegateCompatible(IMethod m, IMethod invoke, bool isExtensionMethodInvocation)
		{
			if (m == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(m));
			if (invoke == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(invoke));
			int firstParameterInM = isExtensionMethodInvocation ? 1 : 0;
			if (m.Parameters.Count - firstParameterInM != invoke.Parameters.Count)
				return false;
			for (int i = 0; i < invoke.Parameters.Count; i++)
			{
				var pm = m.Parameters[firstParameterInM + i];
				var pd = invoke.Parameters[i];
				// ret/out/in must match
				if (pm.ReferenceKind != pd.ReferenceKind)
					return false;
				if (pm.ReferenceKind != ReferenceKind.None)
				{
					// ref/out/in parameters must have same types
					if (!pm.Type.Equals(pd.Type))
						return false;
				}
				else
				{
					// non-ref/out parameters must have an identity or reference conversion from pd to pm
					if (!IdentityConversion(pd.Type, pm.Type) && !IsImplicitReferenceConversion(pd.Type, pm.Type))
						return false;
				}
			}
			// check return type compatibility
			return IdentityConversion(m.ReturnType, invoke.ReturnType)
				|| IsImplicitReferenceConversion(m.ReturnType, invoke.ReturnType);
		}
		#endregion

		#region Tuple Conversion
		Conversion TupleConversion(TupleResolveResult fromRR, IType toType, bool isExplicit)
		{
			var fromElements = fromRR.Elements;
			var toElements = TupleType.GetTupleElementTypes(toType);
			if (toElements.IsDefault || fromElements.Length != toElements.Length)
				return Conversion.None;
			Conversion[] elementConversions = new Conversion[fromElements.Length];
			for (int i = 0; i < elementConversions.Length; i++)
			{
				Conversion c;
				if (isExplicit)
				{
					c = ExplicitConversion(fromElements[i], toElements[i]);
				}
				else
				{
					c = ImplicitConversion(fromElements[i], toElements[i]);
				}
				if (!c.IsValid)
					return Conversion.None;
				elementConversions[i] = c;
			}
			return Conversion.TupleConversion(elementConversions.ToImmutableArray());
		}

		Conversion TupleConversion(IType fromType, IType toType, bool isExplicit)
		{
			var fromElements = TupleType.GetTupleElementTypes(fromType);
			if (fromElements.IsDefaultOrEmpty)
				return Conversion.None;
			var toElements = TupleType.GetTupleElementTypes(toType);
			if (toElements.IsDefault || fromElements.Length != toElements.Length)
				return Conversion.None;
			Conversion[] elementConversions = new Conversion[fromElements.Length];
			for (int i = 0; i < elementConversions.Length; i++)
			{
				Conversion c;
				if (isExplicit)
				{
					c = ExplicitConversion(fromElements[i], toElements[i]);
				}
				else
				{
					c = ImplicitConversion(fromElements[i], toElements[i]);
				}
				if (!c.IsValid)
					return Conversion.None;
				elementConversions[i] = c;
			}
			return Conversion.TupleConversion(elementConversions.ToImmutableArray());
		}
		#endregion

		#region BetterConversion
		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the better conversion (C# 4.0 spec, §7.5.3.3)
		/// </summary>
		/// <returns>0 = neither is better; 1 = t1 is better; 2 = t2 is better</returns>
		public int BetterConversion(ResolveResult resolveResult, IType t1, IType t2)
		{
			LambdaResolveResult lambda = resolveResult as LambdaResolveResult;
			if (lambda != null)
			{
				if (!lambda.IsAnonymousMethod)
				{
					t1 = UnpackExpressionTreeType(t1);
					t2 = UnpackExpressionTreeType(t2);
				}
				IMethod m1 = t1.GetDelegateInvokeMethod();
				IMethod m2 = t2.GetDelegateInvokeMethod();
				if (m1 == null || m2 == null)
					return 0;
				if (m1.Parameters.Count != m2.Parameters.Count)
					return 0;
				IType[] parameterTypes = new IType[m1.Parameters.Count];
				for (int i = 0; i < parameterTypes.Length; i++)
				{
					parameterTypes[i] = m1.Parameters[i].Type;
					if (!parameterTypes[i].Equals(m2.Parameters[i].Type))
						return 0;
				}
				if (lambda.HasParameterList && parameterTypes.Length != lambda.Parameters.Count)
					return 0;

				IType ret1 = m1.ReturnType;
				IType ret2 = m2.ReturnType;
				if (ret1.Kind == TypeKind.Void && ret2.Kind != TypeKind.Void)
					return 2;
				if (ret1.Kind != TypeKind.Void && ret2.Kind == TypeKind.Void)
					return 1;

				IType inferredRet = lambda.GetInferredReturnType(parameterTypes);
				int r = BetterConversion(inferredRet, ret1, ret2);
				if (r == 0 && lambda.IsAsync)
				{
					ret1 = UnpackTask(ret1);
					ret2 = UnpackTask(ret2);
					inferredRet = UnpackTask(inferredRet);
					if (ret1 != null && ret2 != null && inferredRet != null)
						r = BetterConversion(inferredRet, ret1, ret2);
				}
				return r;
			}
			else
			{
				return BetterConversion(resolveResult.Type, t1, t2);
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Unpacks the generic Task[T]. Returns null if the input is not Task[T].
		/// </summary>
		static IType UnpackTask(IType type)
		{
			ParameterizedType pt = type as ParameterizedType;
			if (pt != null && pt.TypeParameterCount == 1 && pt.Name == "Task" && pt.Namespace == "System.Threading.Tasks")
			{
				return pt.GetTypeArgument(0);
			}
			return null;
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the better conversion (C# 4.0 spec, §7.5.3.4)
		/// </summary>
		/// <returns>0 = neither is better; 1 = t1 is better; 2 = t2 is better</returns>
		public int BetterConversion(IType s, IType t1, IType t2)
		{
			bool ident1 = IdentityConversion(s, t1);
			bool ident2 = IdentityConversion(s, t2);
			if (ident1 && !ident2)
				return 1;
			if (ident2 && !ident1)
				return 2;
			return BetterConversionTarget(t1, t2);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Gets the better conversion target (C# 4.0 spec, §7.5.3.5)
		/// </summary>
		/// <returns>0 = neither is better; 1 = t1 is better; 2 = t2 is better</returns>
		int BetterConversionTarget(IType t1, IType t2)
		{
			bool t1To2 = ImplicitConversion(t1, t2).IsValid;
			bool t2To1 = ImplicitConversion(t2, t1).IsValid;
			if (t1To2 && !t2To1)
				return 1;
			if (t2To1 && !t1To2)
				return 2;
			TypeCode t1Code = ReflectionHelper.GetTypeCode(t1);
			TypeCode t2Code = ReflectionHelper.GetTypeCode(t2);
			if (IsBetterIntegralType(t1Code, t2Code))
				return 1;
			if (IsBetterIntegralType(t2Code, t1Code))
				return 2;
			return 0;
		}

		bool IsBetterIntegralType(TypeCode t1, TypeCode t2)
		{
			// signed types are better than unsigned types
			switch (t1)
			{
				case TypeCode.SByte:
					return t2 == TypeCode.Byte || t2 == TypeCode.UInt16 || t2 == TypeCode.UInt32 || t2 == TypeCode.UInt64;
				case TypeCode.Int16:
					return t2 == TypeCode.UInt16 || t2 == TypeCode.UInt32 || t2 == TypeCode.UInt64;
				case TypeCode.Int32:
					return t2 == TypeCode.UInt32 || t2 == TypeCode.UInt64;
				case TypeCode.Int64:
					return t2 == TypeCode.UInt64;
				default:
					return false;
			}
		}
		#endregion
	}
}